Bullion coins minted from platinum include the Manx Noble (minted from 1983 to 1989), the Canadian Platinum Maple Leaf (1988 to 1999), the Australian Platinum Koala (1988 to the present), the Mexican Libertad (1989 only), and the American Platinum Eagle (1997 to the present). The Chinese Platinum Panda were minted in three periods: from 1988 to 1990, 1993 to 1997, and lastly from 2002 to 2005. Before the turn of the 20th century, countries that were still on silver standard started pegging their monetary units to the gold standard of either the United States or the United Kingdom. For example, Mexico, the Philippines, and Japan pegged their respective silver units to the U.S. dollar at fifty cents. mol-1 Atomic: Oxidation States: 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, -1, -2 Electronegativity: 2.2 (Pauling scale) Atomic Radius: 135 picometre Covalent Radius: 144 4 picometre Ionization Energies: 840 kJ.mol-1 (first), 1600 kJ.mol-1 (second) The name "osmium" was derived from the Greek word "osme", which means "smell". mol-1 Electron Configuration: [Kr] 4d10 Physical: Density (near room temperature): 12.023 g.cm-3 Liquid Density (at melting point): 10.38 g.cm-3 Melting Point: 1554.9 C, 2830.82 F, 1828.05 K Boiling Point: 2963 C, 5365 F, 3236 K Heat of Fusion: 16.74 kJ.mol-1 Heat of Vaporization: 362 kJ.mol-1 Atomic: Oxidation States: 0, +1, +2, +4, +6 Electronegativity: 2.2 (Pauling scale) Atomic Radius: 137 picometre Covalent Radius: 139 6 picometre Van der Waals Radius: 163 picometre Ionization Energies: 804.4 kJ. In the pH diagram, the pH symbol is labeled on the horizontal axis to signify the -log function of the concentration of H+ ion. The lines, which represent equilibrium for the concentration, are drawn for ions at unit activity. Other concentrations may be represented by additional lines. The voltage potential is represented by a vertical axis, which is labeled Eh, where "h" stands for hydrogen. Various industrial and commercial uses (silver is ideal for use as a catalyst in chemical reactions). 8. Clothing (silver ions are mixed with the polymer to make yarns). 9. Medicine (silver compounds and silver ions have toxic effect on some viruses, fungi and bacteria, but not on humans). 10. Currency or coinage (as in silver bullion).